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Research Article
Online Published: 14 May 2026
 


Production and Characterization of Biodiesel from Desert Date Seed Oil using Bio-Functional Catalyst

Misitura Lawal, Elinge Cosmos Moki, Danladi Samaila Senchi, Bello Magaji, Abubakar Umar Birnin-yauri, And Adepeju Oluwabunmi Ogundelye.


Abstract
This study addresses the escalating demand for sustainable energy by investigating biodiesel production
from the non-edible oil of Balanites aegyptiaca (Desert Date) seeds, using a novel bifunctional catalyst
derived from the seed shells. Physicochemical analysis of the extracted oil revealed an acid value of
51.9 mg KOH/g, saponification value of 88.3 mg KOH/g, iodine value of 3.55 g I₂/100 g, peroxide value
of 526.7 meq O₂/kg, moisture content of 7.16%, specific gravity of 0.48, and free fatty acid (FFA)
content of 30.55%, confirming its non-edible, low-cost feedstock suitability. Due to high FFA, a two-step conversion process was employed: acid-catalyzed pre-esterification using a sulfated shell catalyst (H₂SO₄/DDSS), followed by base-catalyzed transesterification using KOH-impregnated DDSS. Gas Chromatography-Mass Spectrometry and Fourier Transform Infrared spectroscopy (notably the
carbonyl peak at ~1740 cm⁻¹) confirmed successful conversion to fatty acid methyl esters. Key fuel
properties, kinematic viscosity (5.3 cSt), cetane number (68.1), flash point (240°C), pour point (12°C),
density (0.85 g/ml), copper strip corrosion (1b), sulfated ash (0.6%), and higher heating value (42.4 MJ/kg), all met ASTM D6751 standards. The study concludes that Desert Date seed oil biodiesel, produced via a waste-derived catalyst, represents a viable, closed-loop valorization strategy for
agricultural residues, offering a compliant renewable energy source.

Key words: Biodiesel, Balanites aegyptiaca, Heterogeneous Catalyst, Transesterification, Fuel Characterization


 
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How to Cite this Article
Pubmed Style

Lawal M, Moki EC, Senchi DS, Magaji B, Birnin-yauri AU, Ogundelye AAO. Production and Characterization of Biodiesel from Desert Date Seed Oil using Bio-Functional Catalyst. SJACR. 2026; 6(1): 28-41.

Web Style

Lawal M, Moki EC, Senchi DS, Magaji B, Birnin-yauri AU, Ogundelye AAO. Production and Characterization of Biodiesel from Desert Date Seed Oil using Bio-Functional Catalyst. https://www.sjacrksusta.com/?mno=320925 [Access: May 14, 2026].

AMA (American Medical Association) Style

Lawal M, Moki EC, Senchi DS, Magaji B, Birnin-yauri AU, Ogundelye AAO. Production and Characterization of Biodiesel from Desert Date Seed Oil using Bio-Functional Catalyst. SJACR. 2026; 6(1): 28-41.


Vancouver/ICMJE Style

Lawal M, Moki EC, Senchi DS, Magaji B, Birnin-yauri AU, Ogundelye AAO. Production and Characterization of Biodiesel from Desert Date Seed Oil using Bio-Functional Catalyst. SJACR. (2026), [cited May 14, 2026]; 6(1): 28-41.


Harvard Style

Lawal, M., Moki, . E. C., Senchi, . D. S., Magaji, . B., Birnin-yauri, . A. U. & Ogundelye, . A. A. O. (2026) Production and Characterization of Biodiesel from Desert Date Seed Oil using Bio-Functional Catalyst. SJACR, 6 (1), 28-41.


Turabian Style

Lawal, Misitura, Elinge Cosmos Moki, Danladi Samaila Senchi, Bello Magaji, Abubakar Umar Birnin-yauri, and And Adepeju Oluwabunmi Ogundelye. 2026. Production and Characterization of Biodiesel from Desert Date Seed Oil using Bio-Functional Catalyst. Science Journal of Advanced and Cognitive Research, 6 (1), 28-41.


Chicago Style

Lawal, Misitura, Elinge Cosmos Moki, Danladi Samaila Senchi, Bello Magaji, Abubakar Umar Birnin-yauri, and And Adepeju Oluwabunmi Ogundelye. "Production and Characterization of Biodiesel from Desert Date Seed Oil using Bio-Functional Catalyst." Science Journal of Advanced and Cognitive Research 6 (2026), 28-41.


MLA (The Modern Language Association) Style

Lawal, Misitura, Elinge Cosmos Moki, Danladi Samaila Senchi, Bello Magaji, Abubakar Umar Birnin-yauri, and And Adepeju Oluwabunmi Ogundelye. "Production and Characterization of Biodiesel from Desert Date Seed Oil using Bio-Functional Catalyst." Science Journal of Advanced and Cognitive Research 6.1 (2026), 28-41. Print.


APA (American Psychological Association) Style

Lawal, M., Moki, . E. C., Senchi, . D. S., Magaji, . B., Birnin-yauri, . A. U. & Ogundelye, . A. A. O. (2026) Production and Characterization of Biodiesel from Desert Date Seed Oil using Bio-Functional Catalyst. Science Journal of Advanced and Cognitive Research, 6 (1), 28-41.


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